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China Cities, County Seats and Yamen, 1820-1893

Identification Information
Citation
Originator
CHGIS, Harvard Yenching Institute
Originator
Regional Systems Analysis Project, UC-Davis. Zumou Yue, G. William Skinner, and Mark Henderson.
Publication Date
Jan 2007
Title
China Cities, County Seats and Yamen, 1820-1893
Geospatial Data Presentation Form
vector digital data
Series Information
Series Name
CHGIS, Version: 4. Cambridge, MA (USA): Harvard Yenching Institute, Jan 2007
Publication Information
Publication Place
Cambridge, MA
Publisher
CHGIS, Harvard Yenching Institute
Online Linkage
https://www1.columbia.edu/sec/acis/eds/dgate/studies/C1301/data/chgis_chinaw_points_gbk.zip
Online Linkage
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/
Abstract
China Cities, County Seats and Yamen, 1820-1893 is a point theme representing the Cities, County Seats, and Yamen in China for the years 1820-1893
Purpose
For educational, non-commercial purposes only. Developed by Fudan University, Center for Historical Geography, for the CHGIS project. The China Historical Geographic Information System, CHGIS, project was launched in January 2001 to establish a database of populated places and historical administrative units for the period of Chinese history between 222 BCE and 1911 CE. CHGIS provides a base GIS platform for researchers to use in spatial analysis, temporal statistical modeling, and representation of selected historical units as digital maps.
Supplemental Information
GBK Encoding for Chinese Characters. This dataset contains a record for every city that served as an administrative capital during the period 1820-1893. The records are so designed that the dataset also contains a record for every administrative yamen at the prefectural and county levels and for every territorial unit at the county level of the field administration. In addition to the 18 provinces of China Proper, the dataset covers Xinjiang (made a province in 1884) and four provinces-in-the-making north of the Great Wall: Shengjing (Fengtian and later Liaoning), Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Nei Menggu. These territories were only imperfectly assimilated to the standard field administrative arrangements, even by 1893. In much of the Northeast, the only administrative apparatus was military, and a few Meng (Mongolian leagues) did not have fixed capitals. Insofar as possible, the units obtaining in those territories have been shoe-horned into the standard hierarchy of county-level units in prefectural-level units. Still, for many kinds of analysis it would be appropriate to limit the coverage to China Proper. (Tibet and Outer Mongolia are entirely excluded.) The begin year, 1820, corresponds to the date of the Jiaqing Yitongzhi, and most of the data for that year are taken from that source. We selected an end year shortly before the revamping of the field administration that began after 1895. Our primary systematic source is the Jinshen Quanshu for the Autumn quarter of 1893. This version of the manual does not provide detailed information about primary sources. The values shown for many of the quantitative variables often represent our reconciliation of data from multiple sources. A bibliography of gazetteers that were consulted in preparing this dataset accompanies this dataset. The short designation of any variable is a number preceded by w (for wall). Our research projects involve a dozen or so datasets for China, each of which is designated by a single letter: ChinaA, ChinaT, ChinaX, etc., and in these datasets variables are designated by a number preceded by a, t, or x, as the case may be. Thus, variable numbers that begin with w are identified as ChinaW variables, and the variable IDs are not complete or unique without the initial w. Blocks of variable numbers are allocated as follows: w01-99 Unit-control variables w101-299 Raw-data and categorical variables w301-399 Regional analysis variables w401-Analytical variables [not included in this beta version] In this dataset, zeros appear only as numbers, meaning none. We consider it important for quantitative analyses and for dataset development to distinguish the various categories of missing data. In the case of quantitative variables, we aimed to code every cell that lacks data according to the following scheme. Since wholly numeric variables faciltitate data processing, we have recourse to negative numbers (rather than letters or other non-numbers): . Does not apply. This variable is simply not relevant to this unit. -9 Unknown. Whether or not this variable is relevant to this unit is unknown. -8 Not available. This variable is relevant to this but, but data are not available (i.e., we have tried available sources and failed to find the needed information). -7 Research needed. We have not been able to locate an appropriate source to address this case. -6 Dependent on research. The coding for this case depends on fleshing out other (-7) variables through further research. ChinaW is organized so that different datafiles (subsets of the complete dataset) may be selected for particular analyses. The usual analysis would be limited to one of three subsets: Capital Cities (w21), Yamens (w22) or County-level administrative units (w23) and to the begin year (1820, w9) or end-year (1893, w10). Cross-tabulations among these categories are informative, but the user would seldom want to begin quantitative analyses using the entire dataset. Subsamples may also be delimited geographically, say, to China Proper (defined either as the 18 traditional provinces or as the eight physiographic macroregions south of the Wall) or to a particular macroregion or province or to groupings thereof. The selection of subsamples is facilitated by the unit-control variables introduced in the first section of this code manual, in particular w31-38 for 1820 analytical datafiles and w41-49 for 1893 analytical datafiles. Throughout the 19th century, borderlands along the northern frontier of Zhili and Shanxi were characterized by dual Mongol/Han jursidictions (see w26). To avoid unwanted duplication of all kinds, the compilers strongly recommend that quantitative analyses begin with the appropriate analytical datafile. The final column of the dataset is for comments by the compilers to explain anomalous or complex arrangements or to justify our treatment of the case. An asterisk in any cell means that a relevant comment will be found in the final column of that record. UNIT-CONTROL VARIABLES
Temporal Extent
Currentness Reference
based on dated sources, as indicated in the SOURCE NOTES table, included in the CHGIS database
Time Instant
1820
Bounding Box
West
70.114337
East
140.398256
North
55.823672
South
16.390436
Theme Keyword
cities, county seats and yamen
Theme Keyword Thesaurus
Alexandria Digital Library, CHGIS specialized feature type vocabularies
Theme Keyword
location
society
Theme Keyword Thesaurus
ISO 19115 Topic Categories
Theme Keyword
Cities
County Capitals
Administrative divisions
Theme Keyword Thesaurus
None
Place Keyword
China
Place Keyword Thesaurus
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Temporal Keyword
Access Restrictions
For current Columbia affiliates only.
Use Restrictions
For educational, non-commercial use only.
Status
revised (Jan 2007)
Maintenance and Update Frequency
None planned
Point of Contact
Contact Organization
CHGIS, Harvard Yenching Institute
Contact Telephone
617-496-6222
Contact Electronic Mail Address
mberman@fas.harvard.edu
Credit
"ChinaW Dataset" (c) Zumou Yue, G.William Skinner, and Mark Henderson. Davis: University of California, Regional Systems Analysis Project, Jan 2007
Native Data Set Environment
Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324
Cross-Reference
Originator
Regional Systems Analysis Project, UC-Davis. Zumou Yue, G. William Skinner, and Mark Henderson.
Publication Date
Jan 2007
Title
ChinaW Dataset
Geospatial Data Presentation Form
vector digital data
Other Citation Details
(c) Harvard Yenching Institute Cambridge, MA (USA)
Data Quality Information
Lineage
Spatial Data Organization Information
Direct Spatial Reference Method
Vector
Point and Vector Object Information
SDTS Terms Description
SDTS Point and Vector Object Type
Entity point
Point and Vector Object Count
2403
Spatial Reference Information
Horizontal Coordinate System Definition
Geodetic Model
Horizontal Datum Name
D_Xian_1980
Ellipsoid Name
Xian_1980
Semi-major Axis
6378140.000000
Denominator of Flattening Ratio
298.257000
Entity and Attribute Information
Entity Type
Entity Type Label
ChinaW_pts_gbk
Entity Type Definition
City
Attributes
FID
Internal feature number. (Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.)
Definition Source
ESRI
Shape
Feature geometry. (Coordinates defining the features.)
Definition Source
ESRI
SYS_ID
unique ID for historical instance of this place
W1_ID
W2_HNAME
W3_PNAME
W4_CHGIS
W5_TYPE
W6_HTYPE
W7_PTYPE
W8_ADMLEV
W9_1820
W10_1893
W11_CHANGE
W12_END_YR
W13_BEG_YR
W14_CHGSRC
W21_CAP
W22_YAMEN
W23_XIAN
W24_PHNAME
W25_PPNAME
W26_OVRLAP
W31_20C18
W32_20C18A
W33_20C18R
W34_20CALL
W35_20CA
W36_20Y18
W37_20YALL
W38_20X18
W41_93C18
W42_93C18A
W43_93C18R
W44_93CALL
W45_93CA
W46_93Y18
W47_93YALL
W48_93X18
W49_93XALL
W51_20ADM
W52_20DAOH
W53_20DAOP
W54_20DAON
W55_20DAOT
W56_20PSOC
W57_20XSOC
W58_20TSOC
W59_20CSOC
W61_93ADM
W62_93DAOH
W63_93DAOP
W64_93DAON
W65_93DAOT
W66_93PSOC
W67_93XSOC
W68_93TSOC
W69_93CSOC
W71_LONG
W72_LAT
W73_QHPROV
W74_QPPROV
W75_RHPROV
W76_RPPROV
W77_PHPROV
W78_PPPROV
W79_PXIAN
W80_GBXIAN
W101_20C_C
W102_20C_F
W103_20C_P
W104_20C_N
W105_20CDP
W106_20CDH
W107_20CDX
W108_20CIR
W109_20P_C
W110_20P_F
W111_20P_P
W112_20P_N
W113_20PDP
W114_20PDH
W115_20PDX
W116_20PIR
W117_20X_C
W118_20X_F
W119_20X_P
W120_20X_N
W121_20XDP
W122_20XDH
W123_20XDX
W124_20XIR
W125_20APX
W131_93C_C
W132_93C_F
W133_93C_P
W134_93C_N
W135_93CDP
W136_93CDH
W137_93CDX
W138_93CIR
W139_93P_C
W140_93P_F
W141_93P_P
W142_93P_N
W143_93PDP
W144_93PDH
W145_93PDX
W146_93PIR
W147_93X_C
W148_93X_F
W149_93X_P
W150_93X_N
W151_93XDP
W152_93XDH
W153_93XDX
W154_93XIR
W155_93APX
W161_16TRA
W162_16POG
W163_16POS
W164_16POC
W165_16OMN
W166_POPCL
W170_WALL
W171_W_LI
W172_W_KM
W173_W_KM2
W174_GATES
W175_GMIS1
W176_GMIS2
W177_WH_Z
W178_WH_M
W179_WBT_Z
W180_WBT_M
W181_WTT_Z
W182_WTT_M
W183_WTU_Z
W184_WTU_M
W185_WT_Z
W186_WT_M
W187_WMAT
W188_TWRG
W189_TWRC
W190_TWRO
W191_TWTN
W192_MOON
W193_BATTL
W194_CNNON
W195_SNTRY
W196_MOAT
W197_MD_Z
W198_MD_M
W199_MW_Z
W200_MW_M
W201_WGATE
W301_PMR
W302_93FR
W303_CP19T
W304_CP16T
W305_NOTES
Entity and Attribute Overview
w1 ChinaW ID Since provincial affiliations within China Proper did not change appreciably during the period 1820-1893, we elected to use two-letter province abbreviations as the initial portion of the IDs. However, note that prior to 1884 most of Xinjiang was treated administratively as an extension of Gansu province, and that prior to 1887 Taiwan was a prefecture of Fujian province. w1 prefix AH .. Anhui CR ... Chaha'er FJ .. Fujian GD .. Guangdong GS .. Gansu GX .. Guangxi GZ .. Guizhou HA .. Henan HB .. Hubei HL ... Heilongjiang HN .. Hunan JL .. Jilin JS .. Jiangsu JX .. Jiangxi NM ... Nei Menggu SA .. Shaanxi SC .. Sichuan SD .. Shandong SJ .. Shengjing SX .. Shanxi TW .. Taiwan XJ .. Xinjiang YN .. Yunnan ZJ .. Zhejiang ZL ..(..) Zhili (Hebei) The province abbreviation is followed by a sequential 3-digit number. Before final numbering was assigned, all units in each province were ordered as follows. Prefectural-level units are listed in pinyin alphabetical order. Within each prefecture first comes the prefectural unit itself, and in the case of fu (prefectures per se) the record(s) immediately following are those of metropolitan xian, that is the counties whose yamens are in the prefectural city. (If there are multiple metropolitan xian, they are listed in pinyin alphabetical order.) Metropolitan counties take the same integer as the fu, plus one decimal digit (.1, .2, or .3). We give a similar treatment to benzhou and benting (the unnamed unit surrounding the zhilizhou or zhiliting capital. These units are administered directly from the zhilizhou or zhiliting yamen, and do not appear as separate entities in imperial gazetteers. We add records for benzhou/benting (with .1 added to the ID for the zhilizhou/zhiliting) because they are in effect county-level units, which our tabular file is also designed to cover. The remaining county-level units (those lacking decimal suffixes) follow in pinyin alphabetical order. In cases where an ordinary county was carved out from a prefectural-level unit or another county and the new county yamen remained in the capital of the original unit, the spun-off county uses the same integer as the original unit, plus one decimal digit (.4 if the original unit is of prefectural-level or.5 if the original unit is a county). Circuit-level units seated in prefectural-level capitals also use the same integer as the fu, plus one decimal digit (.6, .7, .8 or .9). (Circuit yamens located in county-level units use the same integer as the xian, plus one same decimal digit). These ID number conventions mean that when the datafile for 1820 (w9) or 1893 (w10) is selected, a simple sort on w1 ascending puts the file in an order that reveals the position of the unit in the field administrative hierarchy of its province. w2, w3 Name (hanzi and pinyin) Asterisks (*) refer to annotations in the Comments column at the end of the dataset. Alternate names are in parentheses. w4 CHGIS Point Link Georeferenced points for capital cities were taken, whenever available, from CHGIS map files (China Historical GIS: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/data/chgis/) CHGIS distributes its GIS points as three separate files: for prefectural capitals, county seats, and other settlements (cunzhen). To date, CHGIS has issued three versions of its files, each using a distinct set of IDs. Version 1 is now superseded. The annotations in this column take the following forms: county2 + 4-digit numerical code County seat file, Version 2 county3 + 5-digit numerical code County seat file, Ver 3 pref2 + 4-digit numerical code Prefectural capital file, Ver 2 pref3 + 5-digit numerical code Prefectural capital file, Ver 3 town2 + 5-digit numerical code Other settlements (cunzhen) file, Ver 2 CHGIS version 3 IDs are used where available. Since the CHGIS files are pinned to particular dates, some of the capital cities included in the ChinaW dataset are not listed in the CHGIS files for prefectural capitals and county seats, hence the occasional recourse to the cunzhen file. Five meng "capitals" in Nei Monggu appear to have had no fixed location in the 19th century; the points plotted for these cases are centroids of the polygon for the meng and are annotated here as "centroid." Cities not listed in any of the CHGIS files were georeferenced by the compilers at UC-Davis, using all available resources, and are annotated in this column as "ucd + 8 digits." w5, w6, w7 Fully differentiated types of adm. units (and of their capitals and their yamens). Those coded 11 are provincial-level. Code 12 is used for administrative circuits whose jurisdictions are groupings of prefectures (in a few cases, only one). Those coded 13-20 are considered prefectural-level units; others are treated as county-level units. w5 w6 w7 11 ... Fuguo fu Metropolitan Prefecture (prefecture whose yamen is in a provincial capital) 12 . Dao Circuit (jurisdictions are groupings of 1-5 prefectures) 13 . Fu Ordinary Prefecture 14 ... Zhilizhou Autonomous Department 15 ... Zhiliting Autonomous Subprefecture 16 . Meng League 17 ... Mengjiqi Independent banner (de facto meng-level unit) 18 ..... Fuguo fudutong Metropolitan Deputy Military Lieutenant-Governorship 19 ... Fudutong Deputy Military Lieutenant-Governorship 20 . Dao Circuit as prefecture (anomalous) 21 ... Fuguo xian Metropolitan County (county whose yamen is in a prefectural capital) 22 ... Tongcheng xian Ordinary (non-metropolitan) county whose yamen is in a city that is also the capital of another ordinary county or of a department. 23 . Xian Ordinary County 24 . Zhou Department 25 . Ting Subprefecture 26 . Qi Banner 27 .. Tufu Non-Han Prefecture (anomalous; actually at the county-level) 28 .. Tuzhou Non-Han Department 29 .. Tuxian Non-Han County 31 .. Benfu Root fu (anomalous) 32 .. Benzhou Root zhou (county-level unit surrounding a Zhilizhou capital and governed directly from the Zhilizhou yamen) 33 .. Benting Root ting (anomalous) 34 .. Tusi Non-Han chieftainships 35 .. Canling Banner commandery 36 .. Xieling Brigade (regiment?) commandery 37 ... Fangshouyu Garrison commandery 38 .. Muchang Imperial pasturage 39 ... Yanjingsi Salt production and distribution center w8 Categorization of territorial adm. units by level 1 Provincial-level 2 Circuit level 3 Prefectural level 4 County level w9 1820: Units included in the field administration of 1820 w9=1 when 1820, otherwise . (Does not apply). w10 1893: Units included in the field administration of 1893 w10=1 when 1893, otherwise . (Does not apply). w11 Change events, 1820-1893 0 No change, 1820-1893 1 Establishment of new adm. unit 2 Abolition of an existing adm. unit 3 Change in administrative status 4 Change in proper name 5 Change in proper name and in adm. status 6 Change in jurisdiction (superordinate unit to which attached) 7 Change in adm. status and in jurisdiction 8 Change in proper name and in jurisdiction 9 Change in proper name, in adm. status and in jurisdiction 10 Yamen moved to another capital city 11 Change in jurisdiction; yamen also moved to another capital city 12 Change in proper name and in territorial jurisdiction 13 Change in proper name and in territorial jurisdiction; yamen also moved to another city w12 End-record year (if ends between 1820 and 1893) Asterisks (*) refer to discrepancies between sources in w14 annotated in the Comments column at the end of the dataset. w13 Begin-record year (if begins between 1820 and 1893) Asterisks (*) refer to discrepancies between sources in w14 annotated in the Comments column at the end of the dataset. w14 Documentation of change event JSQ .... Jinshen Quanshu QHD ... Qing Huidian QSG ... Qingshi Gao STZ ... Sheng Tongzhi (provincial gazetteer) XZ .. Xian Zhi (county Gazetteer) YTZ (..)... (Jiaqing) Yitongzhi QZB (... 1990).....(Niu Pinghan 1990) Qingdai Zhengqu Yange ... Zongbiao w21 Capitals: Records for capital cities When a city has yamens at both the county level and the prefectural level, the record for the prefecture is the record for the city per se. Metropolitan xian and benzhou (and also the oddball benfu and benting) are coded with dots. w22 Yamens: Records for yamens in the regular field administration at the county, prefectural and circuit levels. (Benzhou are administered from the zhilizhou yamen and so are coded with dots) w23 Xian: Records for territorial administrative units at the xian level Benzhou (and the occasional benfu and benting) count as xian-level units. Prefectural-level units are coded with dots unless (as in many zhiliting and an occasional fu and zhilizhou) there are no subordinate units, in which case it counts as a prefectural capital and a prefectural-level yamen but as a xian-level admistrative unit. w24, w25 Prefectural-level unit (hanzi and pinyin) The prefectural-level unit in which a county-level unit falls. Also filled out for prefectural-level units (a repeat of the w2 name). w26 Overlapping Mongol/Han jurisdictions Along the northern frontier of Zhili and Shanxi provinces, the territory of borderland Mongol banners and leagues were, in the mid-18th century, partially incorporated into prefectures of the provinces. In effect, the Han population was administered by the provincial administration while Mongol affairs were handled by the Mongol units. The territorial overlap is shown striped on our GIS maps, and within that territory both the Mongol and Han "capitals" are included in this dataset. This code identifies county-level units involved in the overlap. Details are in the Comments in w303 1 Han county-level units in Zhili and Shanxi whose territory overlaps that of Mongol qi. 2 Mongol qi whose territory overlaps that of Han county-level units in Zhili and Shanxi w31-38 1820 Analytical Data files Selection (sortkey) Code 1 indicates a record included in the datafile in question; dot means excluded. w31 1820 Capitals: All those in the traditional 18 provinces This file includes records for every locale that served as any kind of administrative center, capital, including tusi and other non-Han units. w32 1820 Capitals: Traditional 18 provinces but excluding those tu (Non-Han, Native) units not assimilated to the regular field administration This file is limited to capitals assimilated to the regular field administration; it includes the administrative centers of non-Han units that have proper yamens (including post designations and importance ratings). w33 1820 Capitals: Traditional 18 provinces but excluding all tu (Non-Han, Native) units This file is limited to capitals in the regular field administrative system, excluding all non-Han units (tufu, tuzhou, tuxian, and tusi), w34 1820 Capitals: Empirewide, all types This file includes records for every locale that served as any kind of administrative center throughout the empire (including the Northeast, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang. and Taiwan) w35 1820 Capitals: Empirewide, but excluding units not assimilated to the regular administration This file is limited to capitals assimilated to the regular field administrative system, including those outside the traditional 18 provinces. Units outside the regular field administration but assimilated to it to the point of having established yamens (with post designations and importance ratings) are included, whether military capitals in the Northeast, banners in Inner Mongolia or non-Han units in the Southwest. w36 1820 Yamens: All those in the traditional 18 provinces This file is the counterpart to w32. All prefectural and county-level yamens in w32 capital cities are included. Many prefectural capitals have two or more administrative yamens, and in this file every yamen has a separate record. w37 1820 Yamens: All those in the empire This file is the counterpart to w36, including a record for every yamen in w35 capitals. w38 1820 County-level units: Traditional 18 provinces only This file aims to include all de facto county-level units, in theory exhausting the territory of the 18 traditional provinces. Thus, it includes the benzhou and other root units that are directly administered by the zhilizhou or other prefectural-level non-Han county-level units: tuzhou, tuxian, and tusi. Prefectural-level units are excluded. w41-49 1893 Analytical Data files Selection (sortkey) Code 1 indicates a record included in the datafile in question; dot means excluded. Descriptions parallel those given above for w31-38. w41 1893 w4 Capitals: All those in the traditional 18 provinces w42 1893 Capitals: Traditional 18 provinces but excluding those tu (Non-Han, Native) units not assimilated to the regular field administration w43 1893 Capitals: Traditional 18 provinces but excluding all tu (Non-Han, Native) units w44 1893 Capitals: Empire-wide, all types w45 1893 Capitals: Empire-wide, but excluding units not assimilated to the regular administration w46 1893 Yamens: All those in the traditional 18 provinces w47 1893 Yamens: All those in the empire w48 1893 County-level units: Traditional 18 provinces only w49 1893 County-level units: 18 provinces plus Shengjing Xinjiang and Taiwan This file parallels w48, but is expanded to include the new provinces of Xinjiang and Taiwan, as well as Shengjing, whose administrative system was largely regularized in 1877. w51 Administrative status of capital cities, 1820 cities are classified according to the highest level in the hierarchy of administrative units of which it is the capital. (w21 capitals only) 1 ......... Sheng yiji zongdu huo Provinces and/or xunfu ji governor-generalships 2 . Fu Prefectures 3 ..... Jingji siluting Sectors of the imperial prefecture 4 ... Zhilizhou Autonomous zhou 5 ... Zhiliting Autonomous ting 6 ....... Fu shu sanzhou ji Zhou in prefecture (san zhou tuzhou and tuzhou) 7 .......... Zhilizhou suoshu Zhou in autonomous zhou sanzhou ji tuzhou (san zhou and tuzhou) 8 .......... Zhiliting suoshu Zhou in autonomous ting sanzhou ji tuzhou (san zhou and tuzhou) 9 .... Fu shu santing Ting in prefecture (san ting) 10 .....(.... Fu shu fuguo xian (you Metropolitan xian in .) duli chengqiang) prefecture with independent walls 11 ...(......)Fu shu xian (bu baokuo Nonmetropolitan xian in fuguo xian) prefecture 12 ...... Zhilizhou suoshu xian Xian in autonomous zhou 13 ...... Zhiliting suoshu xian Xian in autonomous ting w52, w53 Name of Administrative circuit (Dao) to which this unit belongs, 1820 (hanzi and pinyin) Administrative circuits consisted of groupings of prefectural-level units. This coding specifies the administrative Dao to which each prefectural-level unit and its county-level components belong. w54 Number of Circuit (Dao) yamen in capital cities, 1820 w55 Type of Circuit (Dao) yamens in capital cities, 1820 The yamens of administrative circuits were often located in the capital of one of the component prefectures, but could also be sited in xian capitals. The yamens of Dao with specialized functions (3-8) could, in the case of Yanfa Dao (Salt trade circuits) be located in the same city as the yamen of an administrative dao. A given dao yamen could also be responsible for two or three distinct functions. These multi-function dao are coded 9-24. In early and middle Qing, many of the dao in provincial capitals (w5=12, Fuguo fu) were single special function (Liang or Yanfa) Dao with jurisdiction over the entire province (in some cases, over several provinces). In due course, these were transformed to multi-function administrative circuits with jurisdiction over one or more prefectural-level units. Nonetheless, with respect to their specialized functions their jurisdiction continued to be the entire province. In a few cases, the specialized functional name (e.g., Yanfa Dao and Liangchu Dao) of these circuits remain unchanged, and the functional names came to be the proper names of the administrative circuits. In these cases the de facto territorial administrative jurisdiction is specified in parentheses after the functional proper name. 0 .... No circuit yamen .....Single Administrative Circuit 1 .(...............Dao (including both Fenxun Dao and Fenshou Dao.) General Surveillance and Administration for prefectural-level units) 2 ...(.............Bingbei Dao (including both Fenxun Dao and Fenshou ......) Dao. General Surveillance and Administration for both prefectural-level and military units ) .......Single Special Function Circuit 3 ..(....) Liang Dao (Provisions) 4 ...(.......) Yanfa Dao (Salt-trade regulation) 5 ..(.........) He Dao (River regulation) 6 ...(.......,....) Haifang Dao (also called HaifangBingbei Dao, Sea Defense) 7 ...(......) Haiguan Dao (Customs) 8 ...(.....) Yichuan Dao (Postal and Courier Service) .........Administrative Circuit also responsible for specialized function(s) 9 .(1)....(8) Both Dao (1) and Yichuan Dao (8) 10 .(1)....(4) Both Dao (1) and Yanfa Dao (4) 11 .(1)...(5) Both Dao (1) and He Dao (5) 12 .(1)...(3) Both Dao (1) and Liang Dao (3) 13 ...(2)...(3) Both Bingbei Dao (2) and Liang Dao (3) 14 ....... Both Bingbei Dao (2) and Yanfa Dao (4) 15 ...(2)...(5) Both Bingbei Dao (2) and He Dao (5) 16 ...(2)....(7) Both Bingbei Dao (2) and Haiguan Dao (7) 17 ...(2)....(8) Both Bingbei Dao (2) and Yichuan Dao (8) 18 ...(2)....(6) Both Bingbei Dao (2) and Haifang Dao (6) 19 .(1),..(3)....(8) Dao (1), Liang Dao (3) and Yichuan Dao (8) 20 .(1),...(4)...(5) Dao (1), Yanfa Dao (4) and He Dao (5) 21 ...(2), ...(4) ....(8)Bingbei Dao (2), Yanfa Dao (4) and Yichuan Dao (8) 22 ...(2),..(5)....(7)Bingbei Dao (2), He Dao (5) and Haiguan Dao (7) 23 ...(2),..(5)....(8)Bingbei Dao (2), He Dao (5) and Yichuan Dao (8) 24 ...(2), ...(6) ....(7)Bingbei Dao (2), Haifang Dao (6) and Haiguan Dao (7) .......Circuit with two specialized functions 25 ..(3)....(4) Both Liang Dao (3) and Yanfa Dao (4) 26 ...(4)....(8) Both Yanfa Dao (4) and Yichuan Dao (8) 12 w56 Span of control, prefectural level, 1820 No. of county-level yamens supervised by this prefectural-level yamen. (Calculated on the basis of records coded w32=1, including w5=32 and w5=33 for prefectural-level units.) w57 Span of control, county level, 1820 No. of county-level yamens supervised by the yamen of the prefectural-level unit to which this county-level unit belongs. (Calculated on the basis of records coded w32=1, including w5=32 and w5=33 for prefectural-level units.) w58 Structural type of prefectural-level units by span of control, 1820 (Calculated on the basis of records coded w32=1, w35=1, and/or w36=1 only) 1 Metropolitan prefectures 2 Ordinary prefectures and structural analogs 3 Autonomous Zhou and structural analogs 4 Autonomous Ting and structural analogs Provincial capitals were invariably capitals of fu (prefectures per se). Metropolitan prefecture is the term for a fu whose capital city is also a provincial capital. Most had very wide spans of control, and none had fewer than 6 subordinate county-level units. Ordinary prefectures also had relatively wide spans of control (and a wide range) but the mean/mode was 7-8 subordinate units. Autonomous zhou all had relatively narrow spans of control, with 1-5 subordinate units, not counting the benzhou (the county-like territory surrounding the zhou capital that was directly administered by the zhilizhou yamen). Autonomous ting usually lacked any subordinate units, in which case its territory is considered a county-level unirt. A few zhiliting have one or two dependent xian, in which case we create a benting record for the county-like territory directly adminstered from the zhiliting yamen. What this coding does is count anomalous cases (units that diverge from the customary administrative arrangement for that type) according to their structural type. So, in the oddball case where a zhiliting contained a xian or two, its structure (a benting plus one or more counties) resembles that of a zhilizhou, and those cases are coded as having a zhilizhou-type structure. Similarly, in the rare case where a Fu capital supports no xian-level yamen (i.e., the fu has no metropolitan xian), its structure (a benfu plus one or more counties) resembles that of a zhilizhou and is so coded here. The two sectoral capitals of the imperial prefecture (Shuntian Fu) that also served as capitals of administrative Dao are coded here as ordinary prefectures. w59 Categorization of county-level units by the structural type of their prefectural-level unit (as defined in w56), 1820. (Calculated on the basis of records coded w32=, including w5=32 and w5=33 for prefectural-level units.) w61 Administrative status of capital cities, 1893 (Codes as in w51) w62, w63 Name of Administrative circuit (Dao) to which this unit belonged, 1893 (hanzi and pinyin) Administrative circuits consisted of groupings of prefectural-level units. This coding specifies the administrative Dao to which each prefectural-level unit and its county-level components belong. w64 Number of Circuit (Dao) yamen in capital cities, 1893 w65 Type of Circuit (Dao) yamens in capital cities, 1893 (Codes as in w55) w66 Span of control, prefectural level, 1893 (Calculated on the basis of records coded w42=1, including w5=32 and w5=33 for prefectural-level units.) w67 Span of control, county level, 1893 (Calculated on the basis of records coded w42=1, including w5=32 and w5=33 for prefectural-level units.) w68 Structural type of adm. unit by span of control, 1893 (Calculated on the basis of records coded w42=1 only. Codes as in w56.) w69 Categorization of county-level units by the structural type of their prefectural-level unit (as defined in w66), 1893 (Calculated on the basis of records coded w42=1, including w5=32 and w5=33 for prefectural-level units.) w71 Latitude of capital cities (capitals only: w21=1) w72 Longitude of capital cities (capitals only: w21=1) w73, w74 Late Qing province, Hanzi and Pinyin abbreviation (as defined in w1) w75, w76 Republican province (1937), Hanzi and Pinyin abbreviation w77, w78 PRC province (2000), Hanzi and Pinyin abbreviation w75 w76 w77 w78 .. AH Anhui .. AH Anhui .. BP Beiping .. BJ Beijing ... CR Chahaer .. CQ Chongqing .. FJ Fujian .. FJ Fujian .. GD Guangdong .. GD Guangdong .. GS Gansu .. GS Gansu .. GX Guangxi .. GX Guangxi .. GZ Guizhou .. GZ Guizhou .. HA Henan .. HA Henan .. HB Hubei .. HB Hubei .. HE Hebei .. HE Hebei Heilongjian ... HL g .. HI Hainan Heilongjian .. HN Hunan ... HL g .. JL Jilin .. HN Hunan .. JS Jiangsu .. JL Jilin .. JX Jiangxi .. JS Jiangsu .. LN Liaoning .. JX Jiangxi .. NJ Nanjing .. LN Liaoning .. NX Ningxia .. NM Nei Menggu .. QH Qinghai .. NX Ningxia .. RH Rehe .. QH Qinghai .. SA Shaanxi .. SA Shaanxi .. SC Sichuan .. SC Sichuan .. SD Shandong .. SD Shandong .. SH Shanghai .. SH Shanghai .. SX Shanxi .. SX Shanxi .. SY Suiyuan .. TJ Tianjin .. TJ Tianjin .. XZ Xizang .. XJ Xinjiang .. XJ Xinjiang .. XK Xikang .. YN Yunnan .. YN Yunnan .. ZJ Zhejiang .. ZJ Zhejiang 15 w79 PRC county-level unit or shixiaqu (2000) in which the 19th-century capital now falls (capitals only: w21=1). w80 Guobiao code of w79 unit RAW-DATA AND CATEGORICAL VARIABLES w101 1820 Circuit-level post designations: Chong ( ., "thoroughfare, frequented") Binary variable: C if designated, otherwise dash. w102 1820 Circuit-level post designation: Fan (., "troublesome, abundant") Binary variable: F if designated, otherwise dash. w103 1820 Circuit-level post designation: Pi (., "fatiguing, wearisome") Binary variable: P if designated, otherwise dash. w104 1820 Circuit-level post designation: Nan (., "difficult, vexatious") Binary variable: N if designated, otherwise dash. w105, w106 1820 Circuit-level post designations: Complete post designations w105 w106 -.. No characters (the absence of all four) C . Chong F . Fan P . Pi N . Nan CF .. ChongFan CN .. ChongNan CP .. ChongPi FN .. FanNan FP .. FanPi PN .. PiNan CFN ... ChongFanNan CFP ... ChongFanPi CPN ... ChongPiNan FPN ... FanPiNan CFPN .... ChongFanPiNan w107 1820 Number of Circuit-level post-designation characters 0 No character 1-4 Number of characters w108 1820 Importance rating of Circuit-level posts 1 Zuiyao (.., greatest importance) 2 Yao (., considerable importance) 3 Zhong (., middling importance 4 Jian (., little importance) . No circuit-level importance rating available w 109 through w115 1820 Prefectural-level post designations Same codes as w101 through w107 for circuit-level. w116 1820 Importance rating of Prefectural-level posts Same codes as w108. w117 through w123 1820 County-level post designations Same codes as w101 through w107 for circuit-level. w124 1820 Importance rating of County-level posts Same codes as w108 w125 1820 Post-designation characters included in those of all yamens in the capital city Same codes as w105 w131 through w155 1893 Circuit-level, prefectural-level and county-level post-designations and importance rating Same codes as w101 through w125 for 1820. w161 Center of trade, as designated by Shina Shobetsu Zenshi (1915) Binary variable: T if so designated, otherwise - w162 Post office, 1915: presence and grade A First-class post office B Second-class post office C Third-class post office D Postal agency 0 No post office or agency w163 Post office services, 1915 1 Handles insured packages and COD packages 2 Handles money orders; locality has steamship or rail traffic 3 Handles money orders; locality has no steamship or rail traffic 4 Provides express delivery service 5 Ships mail by steamship 6 Handles certified mail 7 Handles packages according to international postal regulations 0 No special services w164 Post offices: Grade and special services, 1915 1 A Offers all kinds of special services 2 B Offers three or more special services including #4 and/or #5 3 B Offers two or more special services including #4; or #4 alone. 4 B Offers two or more special services including #3 but not #4; or one special service other than #3 or #4. 5 B Offers special service #3 only 6 B Offers no special service 7 C 8 D 0 No post office or agency w165 Omnibus coding of trade center and post office 1 T A Offers all kinds of special services 2 T B Offers three or more special services including #4 and or #5 3 B Offers three or more special services including #4 and or #5 4 T B Offers two or more special services including #4; or #4 alone. 5 B Offers two or more special services including #4; or #4 alone. 6 T B Offers two or more special services including #3 but not #4; or one special service other than #3 or #4. 7 B Offers two or more special services including #3 but not #4; or one special service other than #3 or #4. 8 T B Offers special service #3 only 9 B Offers special service #3 only 10 T B Offers no special service 11 B Offers no special service 12 T C 13 C 14 T D 15 D 16 T - w166 Population class of capital cities, estimated 1893 1 512,000+ 2 256,000-3 128,000-4 64,000-5 32,000-6 16,000-7 8,000-8 4,000-9 2,000-10 1,000-11 500-. Not estimated w170 Presence or absence of wall and gates 1 The city had a wall and gates, with at least some data on both 2 The city had gates but no wall 3 The city lacked both wall and gates (confirmed) -8 The city had a wall and gates, but details have not been ascertained -9 Whether or not the city had a wall and gates is not known w171, w172 Wall circumference (in li and in kilometers) w173 Estimated intramural area (sq. kilometers) w174 Number of gates w175 (If only 2 or 3 gates) direction of missing gate (or one of the two missing gates) Directional code, one or two letters: e.g. N W NW SE w176 (If only 2 gates) direction of second missing gate w177, w178 Height of wall (in zhang and in meters) w179, w180 Thickness of wall at base (in zhang and in meters) w181, w182 Thickness of wall at top (in zhang and in meters) w183, w184 Thickness of wall, unspecified base or top (in zhang and in meters) w185, w186 Reconciled single relative measure of thickness of base (in zhang and in meters) w187 Construction material of wall 1 Earth only 2 Stone only 3 Brick only 4 Earth faced with brick 5 Earth faced with stone 6 Brick with stone base 7 Earth, brick and stone, unspecified 8 Wood only 9 Wood, earth and stone, unspecified mixture w188 Number of gate towers w189 Number of corner towers w190 Number of towers other than gate or corner towers w191 Number of towers of all kinds w192 Number of moon walls or jar walls around gates w193 Number of battlements w194 Number of cannon emplacements w195 Number of sentry posts on the wall w196 Presence of moat 0 None 1 Partial moat: natural river 2 Partial moat: constructed 3 Full moat: natural river plus ditch 4 Full moat: all constructed w197, w198 Depth of moat (in zhang and in meters) w199, w200 Width of moat (in zhang and in meters) w201 Number of water gates REGIONAL SYSTEMS VARIABLES w301 Physiographic macroregions On our analysis, 20th-century China has nine macroregional economies/societies, excluding Inner Asian territories. We have analyzed the urban and the associated local and regional system hierarchies of these macroregions during the 1982-2000 period. In contemporary China, all nine macroregions exhibit fully developed hierarchies of cities and regional systems. A century earlier, however, two of them, Manchuria and Yungui, were merely emergent, their hierarchical relationships in flux. While the apex metropolises of the nine macroregions have not changed since the late 19th century, their territorial extant most certainly has. Therefore, the macroregional boundaries revealed for the late 20th-century Reform era do not apply to the 19th-century. In our analyses of contemporary China, we let the socioeconomic data pinpoint the boundaries among macroregional systems, but for the nineteenth century we lack data of sufficient quality and detail to proceed in this fashion. Prior to any consequential transport modernization, the logic of regional systems suggests that the human transactions that give rise to the systems hierarchy would be largely contained within physiographic macroregions. Thus, we believe that physiographic regions are the closest possible approximation of 19th-century socioeconomic macroregional systems. Our GIS map of physiographic macroregions specifies our informed decisions as to (1) the precise location of cutpoints in river systems that extend across regional systems, (2) the macroregional affiliation of small coastal river systems, and (3) which internal drainage basins along the Inner Asian frontier should be included in China Proper. The coding here reflects the mapped data. In the case of three macroregions (Northwest China, Middle Yangzi, and Southeast Coast), the internal physiography that structures subregional systems is sharp and clear, and in these cases the physiographic subregions are mapped and coded. The other six macroregions are coded as if they were internally undifferentiated. 10 Northeast China (Manchuria) ... 20 North China ... 3 Northwest China ... 31 Wei-Fen Basins ...... 32 Upper Huang Basin ...... 33 Gansu Corridor ..(..).... 40 Upper Yangzi ..... 5 Middle Yangzi ..... 51 Middle Yangzi proper ...... 52 Gan Basin ...... 53 Yuan Basin ...... 54 Upper Han Basin ...... 60 Lower Yangzi ..... 7 Southeast Coast ..... 71 Ou-Ling Basins ...... 72 Min Basin ...... 73 Zhang-Quan .... 74 Han Basin ...... 75 Taiwan .... 80 Lingnan ... 90 Yungui ... w302 Location in relation to frontiers of various kinds 1 South and Southwest international frontiers 2 Inner Asian frontiers 3 Internal frontiers: Macroregional only 4 Internal frontiers: Macroregional and Provincial 5 Internal frontiers: Provincial only 6 Provincial and Maritime frontiers 7 Maritime frontiers 8 Removed from any frontier w303 Core-periphery dichotomy, late 19th century [not included in this version of the dataset] This is a crude dichotomization of units by position in the core-periphery structure of macroregions and subregions, inferred from population and other data for the last few decades of the empire. C Core P Periphery w304 Core-periphery dichotomy, late 16th century [not included in this version of the dataset] This is an even cruder approximation of core-periphery structures, based on Ming-period data in Liang Fangzhong, Zhongguo lidai hukou, tiandi, tianfu (Quantitative Data on Households, Land, and Taxation in Imperial China), and on other data for late Ming. C Core P Periphery w305 Comments: Explications, explanations, and justifications.
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CHGIS - Harvard Yenching Institute Center for Geographic Analysis
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Name
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20070601
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Research Data Services (RDS), Columbia University Libraries
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FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
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FGDC-STD-001-1998
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